diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/system/api/PermissionApiController.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/system/api/PermissionApiController.java
index ec730260..289b6a32 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/system/api/PermissionApiController.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/system/api/PermissionApiController.java
@@ -72,4 +72,4 @@ public class PermissionApiController extends BaseController<Permission, Permissi
     protected void exportData(HttpServletResponse response, List<PermissionDTO> data) {
         // TODO: 实现导出功能
     }
-}
+} 
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/system/service/impl/UserDetailsServiceImpl.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/system/service/impl/UserDetailsServiceImpl.java
index 8d66600b..699be469 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/system/service/impl/UserDetailsServiceImpl.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/system/service/impl/UserDetailsServiceImpl.java
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ public class UserDetailsServiceImpl implements UserDetailsService {
         
         if (!roleIds.isEmpty()) {
             permissionRepository.findByRoleIds(roleIds).stream()
-                .map(permission -> new SimpleGrantedAuthority(permission.getCode()))
-                .distinct()
+            .map(permission -> new SimpleGrantedAuthority(permission.getCode()))
+            .distinct()
                 .forEach(authorities::add);
         }
         
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/converter/WorkflowInstanceConverter.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/converter/WorkflowInstanceConverter.java
index 468e02cd..a2a25509 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/converter/WorkflowInstanceConverter.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/converter/WorkflowInstanceConverter.java
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ public interface WorkflowInstanceConverter extends BaseConverter<WorkflowInstanc
      * @param request 工作流启动请求
      * @param processInstance Flowable 流程实例
      * @param definition 工作流定义
-     * @param formDataId 表单数据ID（可选）
      * @return 工作流实例
      */
     @Mapping(target = "id", ignore = true)
@@ -41,10 +40,9 @@ public interface WorkflowInstanceConverter extends BaseConverter<WorkflowInstanc
     @Mapping(target = "workflowDefinitionId", source = "definition.id")
     @Mapping(target = "businessKey", source = "request.businessKey")
     @Mapping(target = "graphSnapshot", source = "definition.graph")
-    @Mapping(target = "formDataId", source = "formDataId")
-    @Mapping(target = "formData", ignore = true)  // 在 @AfterMapping 中处理
+    @Mapping(target = "variables", source = "request.variables")
     @Mapping(target = "status", constant = "NOT_STARTED")
-    @Mapping(target = "startTime", ignore = true)  // 在 @AfterMapping 中设置
+    @Mapping(target = "startTime", expression = "java(java.time.LocalDateTime.now())")
     @Mapping(target = "endTime", ignore = true)
     @Mapping(target = "createTime", ignore = true)
     @Mapping(target = "updateTime", ignore = true)
@@ -55,25 +53,7 @@ public interface WorkflowInstanceConverter extends BaseConverter<WorkflowInstanc
     WorkflowInstance toEntity(
         WorkflowInstanceStartRequest request,
         ProcessInstance processInstance,
-        WorkflowDefinition definition,
-        Long formDataId
+        WorkflowDefinition definition
     );
 
-    /**
-     * 后处理：设置 formData 和 startTime
-     */
-    @AfterMapping
-    default void afterMapping(
-        WorkflowInstanceStartRequest request,
-        Long formDataId,
-        @MappingTarget WorkflowInstance workflowInstance
-    ) {
-        // ✅ 只有在没有 FormData ID 时才保存 JSON
-        if (formDataId == null && request.getFormData() != null) {
-            workflowInstance.setFormData(request.getFormData());
-        }
-        
-        // ✅ 设置开始时间
-        workflowInstance.setStartTime(LocalDateTime.now());
-    }
 }
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/dto/WorkflowInstanceDTO.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/dto/WorkflowInstanceDTO.java
index de598d9c..b637da9a 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/dto/WorkflowInstanceDTO.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/dto/WorkflowInstanceDTO.java
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ public class WorkflowInstanceDTO extends BaseDTO {
     private String businessKey;
 
     /**
-     * 启动表单数据ID
+     * 工作流定义ID
      */
-    private Long formDataId;
+    private Long workflowDefinitionId;
 
     /**
      * 实例状态
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ public class WorkflowInstanceDTO extends BaseDTO {
     private WorkflowInstanceStatusEnums status;
 
     /**
-     * 表单数据(JSON)
-     * 存储流程启动时传入的表单变量
+     * 流程变量
+     * 存储所有业务数据
      */
-    private Map<String, Object> formData;
+    private Map<String, Object> variables;
 
     /**
      * 开始时间
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/dto/WorkflowInstanceStartRequest.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/dto/WorkflowInstanceStartRequest.java
index 51a3317b..80ddd1a2 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/dto/WorkflowInstanceStartRequest.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/dto/WorkflowInstanceStartRequest.java
@@ -1,24 +1,29 @@
 package com.qqchen.deploy.backend.workflow.dto;
 
 import io.swagger.v3.oas.annotations.media.Schema;
+import jakarta.validation.constraints.NotBlank;
 import lombok.Data;
 
 import java.util.Map;
 
+/**
+ * 工作流实例启动请求
+ *
+ * @author qqchen
+ * @since 2025-11-02
+ */
 @Data
-@Schema(description = "工作流实例启动入参")
+@Schema(description = "工作流实例启动请求")
 public class WorkflowInstanceStartRequest {
 
-    @Schema(description = "流程定义标识", example = "APPROVAL-AND-DEPLOYMENT")
+    @Schema(description = "流程定义标识（必填）", required = true, example = "standard-deploy")
+    @NotBlank(message = "流程定义标识不能为空")
     private String processKey;
 
-    @Schema(description = "业务键", example = "DEPLOY-2023-001")
+    @Schema(description = "业务标识（必填）", required = true, example = "DEPLOY-user-service-20251102143000")
+    @NotBlank(message = "业务标识不能为空")
     private String businessKey;
 
-    @Schema(description = "表单标识（可选，如果有则创建 FormData 记录）", example = "APPROVAL-AND-DEPLOYMENT")
-    private String formKey;
-
-    @Schema(description = "表单数据")
-    private Map<String, Object> formData;
-
+    @Schema(description = "流程变量（可选）", example = "{\"applicationId\":1,\"environmentId\":2,\"deployJob\":\"user-service-prod\"}")
+    private Map<String, Object> variables;
 }
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/entity/WorkflowInstance.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/entity/WorkflowInstance.java
index ae373f90..9fee9e74 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/entity/WorkflowInstance.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/entity/WorkflowInstance.java
@@ -46,12 +46,6 @@ public class WorkflowInstance extends Entity<Long> {
     @Column(name = "business_key")
     private String businessKey;
     
-    /**
-     * 启动表单数据ID（外键关联form_data）
-     */
-    @Column(name = "form_data_id")
-    private Long formDataId;
-    
     /**
      * 实例状态
      */
@@ -60,12 +54,12 @@ public class WorkflowInstance extends Entity<Long> {
     private WorkflowInstanceStatusEnums status;
     
     /**
-     * 表单数据(JSON)
-     * 存储流程启动时传入的表单变量
+     * 流程变量
+     * 存储所有业务数据，如部署参数、表单数据等
      */
     @Type(JsonType.class)
-    @Column(name = "form_data", columnDefinition = "json")
-    private Map<String, Object> formData;
+    @Column(name = "variables", columnDefinition = "TEXT")
+    private Map<String, Object> variables;
     
     /**
      * 流程图数据快照（启动时保存，用于画布还原）
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/service/IWorkflowInstanceService.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/service/IWorkflowInstanceService.java
index feef6a51..687f883b 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/service/IWorkflowInstanceService.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/service/IWorkflowInstanceService.java
@@ -19,16 +19,6 @@ import java.util.Map;
 
 public interface IWorkflowInstanceService extends IBaseService<WorkflowInstance, WorkflowInstanceDTO, WorkflowInstanceQuery, Long> {
     
-    /**
-     * 创建工作流实例并关联Flowable实例
-     *
-     * @param request 工作流实例启动请求
-     * @param processInstance Flowable流程实例
-     * @param formDataId 表单数据ID（可选，如果有则关联）
-     * @return 工作流实例
-     */
-    WorkflowInstanceDTO createWorkflowInstance(WorkflowInstanceStartRequest request, ProcessInstance processInstance, Long formDataId);
-    
     /**
      * 更新工作流实例状态
      *
diff --git a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/service/impl/WorkflowInstanceServiceImpl.java b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/service/impl/WorkflowInstanceServiceImpl.java
index f5c8c772..1afc79ee 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/service/impl/WorkflowInstanceServiceImpl.java
+++ b/backend/src/main/java/com/qqchen/deploy/backend/workflow/service/impl/WorkflowInstanceServiceImpl.java
@@ -86,28 +86,6 @@ public class WorkflowInstanceServiceImpl extends BaseServiceImpl<WorkflowInstanc
     @Resource
     private WorkflowNodeInstanceConverter workflowNodeInstanceConverter;
 
-    @Override
-    public WorkflowInstanceDTO createWorkflowInstance(WorkflowInstanceStartRequest request, ProcessInstance processInstance, Long formDataId) {
-        // 1. 查询流程定义，获取 graph 快照
-        WorkflowDefinition definition = workflowDefinitionRepository.findByKey(request.getProcessKey())
-            .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("Workflow definition not found: " + request.getProcessKey()));
-        
-        // 2. 使用 MapStruct Converter 创建实例（处理多源对象映射）
-        WorkflowInstance workflowInstance = workflowInstanceConverter.toEntity(
-            request, 
-            processInstance, 
-            definition, 
-            formDataId
-        );
-        workflowInstanceRepository.save(workflowInstance);
-        
-        log.info("创建工作流实例: instanceId={}, definitionId={}, formDataId={}, graph已保存", 
-            workflowInstance.getId(), definition.getId(), formDataId);
-        
-        // 3. 返回创建结果
-        return workflowInstanceConverter.toDto(workflowInstance);
-    }
-
     @Override
     public WorkflowInstance updateInstanceStatus(String processInstanceId, WorkflowInstanceStatusEnums status, LocalDateTime endTime) {
         WorkflowInstance instance = workflowInstanceRepository.findByProcessInstanceId(processInstanceId)
@@ -190,59 +168,43 @@ public class WorkflowInstanceServiceImpl extends BaseServiceImpl<WorkflowInstanc
     @Transactional
     public WorkflowInstanceDTO startWorkflow(WorkflowInstanceStartRequest request) {
         try {
-            // ✅ 步骤1: 先创建 FormData（如果需要）
-            FormDataDTO formData = null;
-            if (request.getFormKey() != null && request.getFormData() != null && !request.getFormData().isEmpty()) {
-                FormDataCreateFromWorkflowRequest formDataRequest = new FormDataCreateFromWorkflowRequest();
-                formDataRequest.setFormKey(request.getFormKey());
-                formDataRequest.setFormData(request.getFormData());
-                formDataRequest.setBusinessKey(request.getBusinessKey());
-                
-                formData = formDataService.createFromWorkflowStart(formDataRequest);
-                log.info("FormData 已创建: id={}", formData.getId());
-            } else {
-                log.info("FormData 创建: 跳过（无 formKey 或表单数据）");
-            }
+            // 1. 查询流程定义
+            WorkflowDefinition definition = workflowDefinitionRepository.findByKey(request.getProcessKey())
+                .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("Workflow definition not found: " + request.getProcessKey()));
             
-            // ✅ 步骤2: 构建 Flowable 变量
-            Map<String, Object> variables = buildFlowableVariables(request);
+            // 2. 获取流程变量（如果没有则使用空 Map）
+            Map<String, Object> variables = request.getVariables() != null ? request.getVariables() : new HashMap<>();
             
-            // ✅ 步骤3: 启动 Flowable 流程
+            // 3. 启动 Flowable 流程
             ProcessInstance processInstance = runtimeService.createProcessInstanceBuilder()
                 .processDefinitionKey(request.getProcessKey())
                 .variables(variables)
                 .businessKey(request.getBusinessKey())
-                .startAsync();  // 异步启动，会自动执行 shell 任务
+                .startAsync();  // 异步启动，会自动执行任务
             
-            log.info("Flowable 流程已启动: processInstanceId={}", processInstance.getId());
+            log.info("Flowable 流程已启动: processInstanceId={}, businessKey={}", 
+                processInstance.getId(), request.getBusinessKey());
             
-            // ✅ 步骤4: 创建 WorkflowInstance 记录（关联 FormData）
-            return createWorkflowInstance(request, processInstance, formData != null ? formData.getId() : null);
+            // 4. 创建 WorkflowInstance 记录
+            WorkflowInstance workflowInstance = workflowInstanceConverter.toEntity(
+                request, 
+                processInstance, 
+                definition
+            );
+            workflowInstanceRepository.save(workflowInstance);
+            
+            log.info("工作流实例已创建: instanceId={}, definitionId={}, businessKey={}", 
+                workflowInstance.getId(), definition.getId(), request.getBusinessKey());
+            
+            // 5. 返回创建结果
+            return workflowInstanceConverter.toDto(workflowInstance);
         } catch (Exception e) {
-            log.error("启动工作流失败: processKey={}", request.getProcessKey(), e);
+            log.error("启动工作流失败: processKey={}, businessKey={}", 
+                request.getProcessKey(), request.getBusinessKey(), e);
             throw new RuntimeException("启动工作流失败: " + e.getMessage(), e);
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * 构建 Flowable 流程变量
-     * 
-     * @param request 工作流启动请求
-     * @return Flowable 变量 Map
-     */
-    private Map<String, Object> buildFlowableVariables(WorkflowInstanceStartRequest request) {
-        Map<String, Object> variables = new HashMap<>();
-        
-        // 将前端传入的 formData 包装到 "form" 变量中
-        // 这样流程中的 ${form.xxx} 表达式就能正确解析
-        Map<String, Object> formData = request.getFormData() != null ? request.getFormData() : new HashMap<>();
-        if (!formData.isEmpty()) {
-            variables.put("form", formData);
-        }
-        
-        return variables;
-    }
-
     @Override
     public Page<WorkflowTemplateWithInstancesDTO> findTemplatesWithRecentInstances(WorkflowDefinitionQuery query) {
         Pageable pageable = PageRequest.of(query.getPageNum(), query.getPageSize());
diff --git a/backend/src/main/resources/db/changelog/changes/v1.0.0-schema.sql b/backend/src/main/resources/db/changelog/changes/v1.0.0-schema.sql
index b306955d..a72c82a3 100644
--- a/backend/src/main/resources/db/changelog/changes/v1.0.0-schema.sql
+++ b/backend/src/main/resources/db/changelog/changes/v1.0.0-schema.sql
@@ -623,16 +623,11 @@ CREATE TABLE workflow_instance
 	process_definition_id  VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL COMMENT '流程定义ID',
 	workflow_definition_id BIGINT      NOT NULL COMMENT '工作流定义ID',
 	business_key           VARCHAR(64) NULL COMMENT '业务标识',
-	form_data_id           BIGINT NULL COMMENT '启动表单数据ID（外键关联form_data）',
 	status                 ENUM('NOT_STARTED','CREATED','RUNNING','SUSPENDED','COMPLETED','COMPLETED_WITH_ERRORS','TERMINATED','FAILED') NOT NULL COMMENT '实例状态',
-	variables              TEXT NULL COMMENT '流程变量(JSON)',
-	form_data              JSON NULL COMMENT '表单数据(JSON)',
+	variables              TEXT NULL COMMENT '流程变量(JSON，包含所有业务数据)',
 	graph_snapshot         JSON NULL COMMENT '流程图数据快照（启动时保存，用于画布还原）',
 	start_time             DATETIME(6) NULL COMMENT '开始时间',
-	end_time               DATETIME(6) NULL COMMENT '结束时间',
-
-	INDEX                  idx_form_data_id (form_data_id),
-	CONSTRAINT fk_workflow_instance_form_data FOREIGN KEY (form_data_id) REFERENCES form_data (id)
+	end_time               DATETIME(6) NULL COMMENT '结束时间'
 
 --     CONSTRAINT FK_workflow_instance_definition FOREIGN KEY (process_definition_id) REFERENCES workflow_definition(id)
 ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_unicode_ci COMMENT='工作流实例表';